Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Verse 14. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of After his death, the queen committed. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Verse 7. field of Asian Studies. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas After that, the English translation. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome.
Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. He was (I.191) the first of his race. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. They cannot be abusive or personal. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Died young. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.
The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. You can try more lenient search to get some results. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. In 1380 C.E. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. He subdued several enemies. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini.
Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. From Stein's translation:[3]. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. university presses. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Son of Partha. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Request Permissions. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. View all Google Scholar citations Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Hence the correct answer is Option B. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian.
Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Verse 14. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. No examples found, consider adding one please. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Let us know more about Rajatarangini. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years.
A Short Note On Kalhana's Rajatarangini - Unacademy Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Report Error
Subscribe here. Updates? The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Rajatarangini/Original languages You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Answer. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit.
Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. 0 0 Similar questions Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs It does not store any personal data. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian.
. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. 23 February 2011. Verse 11. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. section. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Wife of Damodara. Was this answer helpful? Omissions? He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language.
for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," We have migrated to a new commenting platform. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Her son was Chippatajayapida.